The Duchess of Malfi as a Revenge Tragedy
A
revenge tragedy is a tragedy in which the tragic calamity is brought about by
the pursuit and accomplishment of revenge. Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi is considered
to be a revenge tragedy. It has several features of a revenge tragedy. We need
a critical discussion of the play The Duchess of Malfi to find out its
fundamental aspects of a revenge tragedy.
The
common and fundamental features of a revenge tragedy are (1) The motive of
revenge,(2) Heaping of horror upon horror, (3) presence of the supernatural,
(4) violent imagery (5) Bestial cruelty, (6) An avenging hero, often a rascally
servant. In the Duchess of Malfi we find a beautiful fusion of these elements
that give it the rank of a revenge tragedy.
The
Cardinal and Ferdinand, the two brothers of the Duchess, are guided by their excessive passion of
taking revenge on their sister for violating moral code of life as a widow
injuring the family tradition, status and pride through making love with
Antonio and marrying him. When Bosola reveals this remarriage below rank , the
two brother go mad and crazy for taking revenge on the Duchess.
In
a revenge tragedy we find a common character called a revenge hero who is
malcontent, corrupt hypocrisy, stupidity of courtly society and immoral and
crazy in his goal and Machiavellian in nature. Bosola is such a character. A
former servant of the Cardinal and now is engaged by Ferdinand to spy on the
Duchess as her Provisory of Horse. Bosola is involved in vulgar activities,
violence and killing. Thus Bosola proves himself to be rascally servant of the
English revenge plays.
Horror
associated with murder is an important aspect of a revenge tragedy. In “The
Duchess of Malfi” we find plenty of horror scenes. The Duke, in order to
horrify the Duchess, gives a dead man’s hand to her and she kisses it to be the
Duke’s hand. The spectacle of the oxen images of the dead bodies of Antonio and
his children are presented before the Duchess which is really horrible. The
crazy and unruly dance of the madmen before the Duchess, the appearance of
Bosola as a tomb maker and a bellman, and the appearance of the executioners
with bell and cord are intended to create further horror. At last she is
strangled to death.
Avenge
is an important aspect of a revenge tragedy. After the death of the Duchess,
Ferdinand suddenly experiences an unexpected remorse. He rebukes Bosola for not
having opposed his order to murder the Duchess. Bosola accuses him ingratitude
and demands the promised reward. But Ferdinand calls him a villain for killing
his sister. Now Bosola is able to understand his misdeeds and feels mercy for
the Duchess. He wishes that he could undo what he has done and he decides to
avenge the death of the Duchess. With an intention to kill the cardinal , he
enters his room and kills Antonio by mistaking him for the Cardinal. Bosola
then proceeds to meet the cardinal and kill him. When he stabs the Cardinal, he
cries for help. On his crying for, Ferdinand enters the room and gives mortal
wounds both to Bosola and the Cardinal. Bosola in return stabs Ferdinand. Thus
the villains, Ferdinand, the Cardinand and Bosola meet their doom at the end of
the play.
To
conclude we can say that The Duchess of Malfi is a perfect revenge tragedy.
There is no denying the fact that Webster raises the original theme of revenge
to a higher plan.
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